The Sami people described and pictured in old art and texts - Det samiske folk beskrevet og avbildet i gammel kunst og tekster

Samiske menn gravert i kopper av Warren i 1810 og publisert i en bok fra 1827. Klikk på bildet for en høyere oppløsning.

Laplanders (Sámi) engraved copper print by Warren in 1810 and published in the book "The Manners and Customs of All Nations", 1827. Click on the photo for a higher resolution.
Source and Web page: 'Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com'

Samisk familie på utstilling i London er tegnet av Captain Brooke, gravert av T.Dixon og publisert i en bok fra 1822. Klikk på bildet for en høyere oppløsning.

Laplander family in London drawn by Captain Brooke, engraved by T.Dixon and published in Oliver Goldsmiths book "History of the Earth and Animated Nature", 1822. Click on the photo for a higher resolution.
Source and Web page:
'Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com'

Samer foreviget av Theodore de Bry i 1601 som var på ekspedisjon til Nordpolen. Legg merke til de spesielle hodeplaggene. Klikk på bildet for en høyere oppløsning. Det er også et folk i Litauen som kalles Samigito, de kulturelle uttrykkene i graveringen ser imidlertid ut til best å passe best på samene.

Samogithio or Laplanders made by Theodore de Bry, 1601 on his North Pole Expedition. Take a closer look at their hats. Click on the photo for a higher resolution.
Source and Web page: Kauai Fine Arts

Same og reinsdyr med slede og gamle runesymboler laget i kopper av anonym gravør. Publisert i bok fra 1760. Klikk på bildet for en høyere oppløsning.

Laplander and reindeer sleigh and ancient symbols by anonymous engraver, published in "Prevosts Historie Générale des Voyages" from about 1760. Copper engraved print. Click on the photo for a higher resolution.
Source and Web page: 'Image courtesy of ancestryimages.com'

In these links you can see some more very early images of the Saami People. I disse lenkene kan du se flere tidlige bilder av samene:

Here you can see a few very early pictures of the Saami / Her kan du se noen få tidlige bilder av samene fra 1500-1600 tallet:

Cesare Vecellio (1590): Bride from Lapponia dressed on germin and sable fur

Cesare Vecellio (1590): Man from Lapponesi dressed in skin and furs

Cesare Vecellio (1590): Lapponia

Thedore de Bry Laplanders, Gerrardi De Veer expedition, 1601

Saami living summer and winter, The English Atlas, Oxford, 1680

Sjø samer / Sea Saami- end of 1600eds by Hans Hansen Lilienskiold

Sea Saami / Sjøsamer, the end of 1600eds

Saami costumes / Samedrakter - 1690

Saami women and children / Samekvinner og barn, 1690 (Every morning and evening the child need a bath)

Saami skiing, hunting and fauna pictures by Henry A. Chatelain (1684-1743): "Representations des Lapons" Paris about 1714

Pava Lars Nilsson Tuorda from Jokkmokk
Drawing from “The Land of the Midnight Sun” by Paul du Chaillu, Harper & Brothers, 1882.

Drawings of Saami from an Old Russian Book Source: The Russian State Library. Tegninger av samer fra en gammel Russisk bok.

En vill-lapp i pesk fra 1700-tallet. Kopperstikk av E.D. Clarke publ. i 1819. 1700s A Wild Laplander man in fur by E.D. Clarke publ. 1819


Saami from Jämtland, gravure published in 1901. Samer fra Jämtland, Sverige

Old Time Saami Winter Costume. Drawing from “The Land of the Midnight Sun” by Paul du Chaillu, Harper & Brothers, 1882. Samisk mann i gammeldags vinterdrakt.


Norwegian Sami man, gravure by L. Brenton, Published in 1898.

Sami men and a child are rolling barrels with tar towards the coast, Northern Sweden, published 1870. Samiske menn og et barn ruller tønner med tjære mot kysten, Nord-Sverige, publ. i 1870.

Christian baptism in Boris Gleb Russia. Kristen dåp i Boris Gleb, Russland.

Samisk boplass i Finland. Sami settlement in Finland.

Sami Sievjjus. Coastal Sámi on Sievju, Seiland, Norway in 1838. Samisk bosted i Sievju, Seiland i 1838. Aquarelle: A.Meyer.

Drawing from Hammerfest, Finnmark, Norway in 1838- by A. Meyer (Reserche expedition)

Store samiske Lavvoer. Large Sami tents. Karasjok, Finnmark, Norway Reserche-expedition by B. Lauvergne, 1839.

Kristiania (Oslo) Norway in 1830s by A. Meyer, 1838.

Karasjok telephone station. Late 1800s. Sent på 1800-tallet.

Sami family early 1900s Odda, Hardanger in Norway. Samisk familie tidlig på 1900-tallet.

In the following Links you will find more ancient pictures of the Saami People. I disse lenkene kan du finne flere antikke bilder av samene:

Cesare Vecellio (1590): Lapponia
Cesare Vecellio (1590): Bride from Lapponia dressed on germin and sable fur
Cesare Vecellio (1590): Man from Lapponesi dressed in skin and furs. According to the text also women and children could use bow and arrow

Thoedore de Bry Laplanders, Gerrardi De Veer expedition, 1601

Francesco Negri about the Saami 1663 (pictures)
Francesco Negri about the Saami 1663 (picture)

Knud Leem (1696-1774)
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 1
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 2
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 3
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 4
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 5
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 6
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 7
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 8
Knud Leem Copper Engraving 9
Knud Leem og samene

Saami skiing, hunting and fauna pictures by Henry A. Chatelain (1684-1743): "Representations des Lapons" Paris about 1714
Saami Pagan Religion immortalsed by Henry A. Chatelain (1684-1743): "Representations des Lapons" Paris about 1714

1732 Linnaeus's Journey to Lapland

1795 French Prince Louis-Philippe at the North Cape

Acrebi 1799
Mountain Saami / fjellfinner, Raastajoki: Acrebi, 1799
Mountain Saami - Fjellfinner in Porsanger: Acrebi 1799
Drawing of Alattio / Alta Norway : Acrebi 1799
Sunday, 7th July : Acerbi writes about the character of the Lapps
Acrebi 1799: Montain Lapps in Alattio (Alten)
Pictures from Lapland in the book of Giuseppe Acerbi 1799

Digitalarkivet uib

Verso L'estrema Thule

The Saami Jens Holms travel to London in 1822. "The Anglo Laplanders, astonishing the Natives, at the sight of their Immense Wealt, Camp, Curiosities.”

Saami Jens Holm in London: "Laplanders, Rein Deer & Camp as Exhibited at the Egyptian Hall, Piccadilly 1822

"Mr. Bullock's Exhibition of Laplanders" (1822) : Drawn by Thomas Rowlandson (1756-1827)

Foto og gamle illustrasjoner se Nasjonalbibliotekets samlinger

1838-40 The French La Recherche Expedition
Paintings by Johan Tiren

Vol. 1 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark - by William Coxe 1802

Vol. 2 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark - by William Coxe 1802

Vol. 3 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark- by William Coxe 1802

Vol. 4 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark - by William Coxe 1802

Vol. 5 Travels in Poland, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark - by William Coxe 1802

Bibliographie der lappischen Litteratur by Just Qvigstad, 1899.

Lule-lappisches Worterbuch by Karl Bernhard Wirklund, 1890

Lexicon Lapponicum: cum interpretatione vocabulorum Sveco-Latina et indice by Erik Lindahl, Johan Öhrling, Johan Ihre, 1780

The monastery of Petschenga (1896) by Jens Andreas Friis and Hill Repp

Klosteret i Petschenga: skildringer fra russisk Lapland (1884) by Jens Andreas Friis

In Northern Mists: Arctic Exploration in Early Times (1911) by Fridtjof Nansen

Lappisk mythologi, eventyr og folkesagn: eventyr og folkesagn (1871) by Jens Andreas Friis

Olaus Magnus och hans framställning af Nordens geografi; studier i geografiens historia by Karl Jakob Mauritz Ahlenius (1895)

Some Mythical Tales of the Lapps Folklore Society (Great Britain), 1918. Page 178 – 192

The history of Lapland by John Scheffer, Oxford 1674

FRIIS, J. A. (1871) En sommer i Finmarken, Russisk Lapland og Nordkarelen. Skildringer af Land og Folk.

Click here to see Ancient pictures Klikk på lenken for å se antikke bilder av samene.

Pytheas voyage 4th-century BC
More about Pythea

Tacicus 98 AD/CE

Ottar's Journey 900 AD

Snorre: Heimskringla Saga – written 1220-1235 AD (Norsk) (English)

1432 AD Italian shipwrecked sailors description of the people they met up north

Et besøg paa Røst for halvfemte hundrede Aar siden

Old Maps of the Saami areas 1539 til 1804

Verso L'Estrema Thule av Piero Querinis i 1432 og Giuseppi Acrebis reiser i 1798-99 (oversettelser fra 2003)

Olaus Magnus og hans historieverk om Norden fra 1500-tallet

1553 AD English trade route around the North Cape to Kildin

Christian IVs tokt til Finnmark og Kola i 1599

Del 1: Oversettelsen av Italieneren Francesco Negris reise i Norge (1664 –1665)
Del 2: Oversettelsen av Italieneren Francesco Negris reise i Norge (1664 –1665)
Del 3: Oversettelsen av Italieneren Francesco Negris reise i Norge (1664 –1665)

En rystende og sannferdig fortelling fra Nordområdene anno 1670

La Martinières sjøreise i 1670

Schefferusa sámi gárvvuid čilgehus 1673
"History of Lapland" by Schefferus (1678)
Lapponia by Johannes Schefferi
Index: “The History of Lapland” by John Scheffer
John Scheffer 1
John Scheffer 2
John Scheffer 3
John Scheffer 4
John Scheffer 5
Forestillingene om samisk trolldomskunst - Imaginations about Saami magic powers (sorcery), Johannes Schefferus 1682

Om Husfliden i Norge av Eilert Sundt, 1867 - 1868

Arkeologen Gustaf Hallströms arkiv (1880-1962)

“Chez les Lapons … de la laponie Norvégienne”, Rémy de Gourmont, 1890

“The Voyage of the Vega round Asia and Europe with a historical review of previous journeys along the North Coast of the old world” by A.E. Nordenskiöld, translated by Alexander Leslie, London, 1881

Collecting Shot Reindeer by Johan Tiren, 1892

Norway, and her Laplanders, in 1841: with a few hints to the salmon fisher by John Milford, 1842.

Klosteret i Petschenga: Skildringer fra Russisk Lapland Jens Andreas Friis (1884)

Travels through Sweden, Finland, and Lapland, to the North Cape, in the years 1798 and 1799 volume 2, by Acerbi, Giuseppe, (1773-1846)

Lajla: A New Tale of Finmark (1888) by Jens Andreas Friis

Part 1: The Western European Roots of the Saami - Samenes vesteuropeiske røtter

Photo postcard by Algård from 1930ies: Children from a Nomad school in Gällivare.

The two female haplogroups U5 and V that are observed in nearly 90% of the Saami women (Tambets et al. 2004) are found to be of northern European origin (Kivisild et al. 2006). Both of these female genetic groups and male haplogroup I1a (M253) very likely have over-wintered in Iberia or areas close to Iberia during the Last Ice Age (Torroni et al. 2001, Tambets et al.2004, Achilli et al. 2005) before they migrated northwards.

New article about mtDNA U5 - Ny artikkel om mtDNA U5 April 2010: The Peopling of Europe from the Mitochondrial Haplogroup U5 Perspective

Funn viser at de to kvinnelige haplogruppene U5 og V som er observert hos bortimot 90% av alle samiske kvinner (Tambets et al. 2004) er av nordeuropeisk opprinnelse (Kivisild et al. 2006). Begge disse kvinnelige genetiske gruppene og den mannlige haplogruppen I1a (M253) overvintret svært sannsynlig i Iberia eller områder i nærheten av Iberia i løpet av den siste istiden (Torroni et al. 2001, Tambets et al.2004, Achilli et al. 2005) før de migrerte nordover.


ARCTIC SHORE, Barents Sea © Abanamath Dreamstime.com © Photographer:Eugeny Shevchenko Agency: Dreamstime.com Click on the photo to see a higher resolution image.

Photo Courtesy NASA JPL-Caltech.

The present Saami is a mixture of different people with similar cultures, Finno-Ugric language and nine different dialects in all Nordic countries and at the Kola Peninsula. In this blog-context the definition of “Saami” is made in relation to genetic haplogroups. The reason why I define “Saami” like this is because of the accumulation of old and cold adapted genetic haplogroups (See Kivisild et al. 2006) in the present Saami populations (mtDNA U5 and V and yDNA I1a). The Saami ancestors very likely migrated northwards belonging to the first European hunter and gatherer populations. Because of the harsh climate and other factors these hunter and gatherers seem to have been isolated and with a low mobility for a long period of time back in history. The cultures of the Saami were similar in large geographical areas, here called "the historical Saami areas". The historical Saami areas seem to have included all of the Scandinavian and Kola Peninsulas, all of Finland (the name means the land of the Saami), parts of Karelia (where old religious Saami stone monuments such as Vottovaara have been found).

According to Nina Lavonen there still are old Saami topographical names in Karelia such as Lapinsaari, Lapinniemi, Lapinlampi. Lavonen writes that it is well known and supported with archaeological findings (e.g. archaeologist J. W. Juvelius) that the Saami lived in the present areas of Karelia long before Karelians and Russians.

The much larger historical Saami areas possible stretched as far south and east as Estonia where there still today are a small Saami population (Eesti Saami).

Dagens Samer er en smeltedigel av ulike folk med like kulturer, finsk-ugrisk språk og ni ulike dialekter i alle nordiske land og på Kolahalvøya. I denne blogg-konteksten er definisjon av “Samisk” gjort i forhold til genetiske haplogrupper. Grunnen til at jeg definerer ”Samisk” på denne måten er den høye konsentrasjonen av gamle og kuldetilpassede genetiske haplogrupper (se Kivisild et al. 2006) i dagens samiske befolking (mtDNA U5 og V and yDNA I1a). Samenes forfedre og formødre migrerte svært sannsynlig nordover som en del av de første europeiske jeger- og samlerfolkene. På grunn av det harde klimaet og andre faktorer var disse jeger- og samlere isolert og lite mobile i en lang periode tilbake i historien. De samiske kulturene ser ut til å ha liknet hverandre i store geografiske områder, områder jeg her kaller "de historiske samiske områdene". De historiske samiske områdene inkluderte svært sannsynlig hele den Skandinaviske og Kolahalvøya, hele Finland (navnet betyr samenes land), deler av Karelen (hvor man har funnet gamle religiøse samiske stein monumenter slik som Vottovaara).

I følge Nina Lavonen er det i Karelen fremdeles gamle samiske stedsnavn slik som Lapinsaari, Lapinniemi og Lapinlampi. Lavonen skriver at det er velkjent og støttet med arkeologiske funn (for eksempel av arkeologen J.W. Juvelius) at samene levde i de nåværende områdene av Karelia lenge før Karelere og Russere.

Det historiske samiske området kan ha strukket seg så langt sør som til Estland hvor det fremdeles i dag finnes en liten samisk befolkning (Eesti Saami).

Photo is a postcard from 1903: The Saami girl Lisa Thomasson.

The Saami ancestors moved into the icy Nordic areas where they developed a specific U5b motifs often called “The Saami motif”. As you can see from the frequency table under the present Saami populations have extreme frequencies of U5b1, also called U5b1b1 and is defined by mutations [16144, 16189, 16270]. Additionally the present Saami have extreme frequencies of mtDNA haplogroup V. MtDNA V is defined by mutation 16298. Saami MtDNA V ancestors very likely came with other and somewhat later migrations northwards than the U5b people (Delghandi et al.1998). There are exclusive Saami mtDNA V lineages, see for instance the research reports by Tambets et al. (2004) and Torroni et al.(2001).

De samiske formødrene oppholdt seg i de iskalde nordiske områdene hvor de utviklet et spesifikt U5b motiv som ofte kalles ”det samiske motiv”. Som du kan se i frekvenstabellen under så har dagens samiske populasjoner ekstreme frekvenser av U5b1, som også er kalt U5b1b1, og er definert av mutasjonene [16144, 16189, 16270]. I tillegg har dagens samer ekstreme frekvenser av mtDNA haplogruppe V. MtDNA V er definert av mutasjonen 16298. De samiske formødrene til mtDNA V kom svært sannsynlig med andre og senere migrasjoner nordover enn U5b folkene (Delghandi et al.1998). Det finnes spesielle samiske mtDNA V haplotyper, se for eksempel i forskningsrapportene til Tambets et al.(2004) og Torroni et al.(2001).

In a new study Kivisild et al. (2006) supported that mtDNA haplogroup V is of northern European origin, but somewhat younger than the other cold adapted northern European haplogroup U5. The HV founder motif of V and H is estimated to be between 22000 – 10000 years old in Europe. An interesting finding in this study is that haplogroup V and the much younger haplogroup H1 (9000 – 5000 years BP) have adapted differently according to dissimilar climate exposures. MtDNA H1 is the most frequent haplogroup in the present Nordic populations. The bearers of mtDNA haplogroup V adapted to the cold northern European climates by processing amino acids like Threonine and Valine differently than the younger H1. MtDNA H1 bearers that developed in warmer climates of the Middle East and in Southern Europe (read page 9-10 in Kivisild et al. 2006) are not cold adapted and therefore very unlikely were present in Europe during the Last Ice Age. I will return to H1 and other mtDNA haplogroups when writing about newer historical migrations to the Nordic areas.

I et nytt studie fant Kivisild et al. (2006) støtte for at mtDNA haplogruppe V er av nordeuropeisk opprinnelse, men er noe yngre enn den andre kuldetilpassede nordeuropeiske haplogruppen U5. Grunnmotivet til V og H kalles HV og dette grunnmotivet har en estimert alder mellom 22000 – 10000 år i Europa. Et interessant funn i dette studiet er at haplogruppe V og den mye yngre haplogruppen H1 (9000-5000 år gammel) har tilpasset seg ulikt på grunn av ulike klimatiske eksponeringer. MtDNA H1 er den mest frekvente haplogruppen i dagens nordiske befolkninger. De som har mtDNA haplogruppe V tilpasset seg det kalde nordeuropeiske klimaet ved å prosessere aminosyrene Threonine og Valine ulikt i forhold til den yngre haplogruppen H1. De som har haplogruppe H1 utviklet seg i varmere klima i Midtøsten og i Sør-Europa (les side 9 –10 i artikkelen til Kivisild et al. 2006). H1 er ikke kuldetilpasset og var derfor lite sannsynlig tilstede i Europa i løpet av den siste istiden. Jeg vil komme tilbake til H1 og andre mtDNA haplogrupper i forbindelse med historisk sett nyere migrasjoner til de nordiske områdene.

As mentioned in Tambets et al. (2004) the people of the old Ahrensburgian migrations along the Norwegian coastal line might be the ancestors of the U5 in the Saami. The other high frequent haplogroup V in the Saami might be descendants of the somewhat younger Mesolithic post-Swiderian cultures that later became the Komsa culture, and that migrated via western Russia, Karelia and Finland. These are theories that are interesting points of departure when trying to understand the western origins of the Saami. In future blog postings I will write about the much more recent eastern migrations to some of the Saami areas.

Som nevnt i artikkelen til Tambets et al.(2004) kan migrasjonen av folk med den gamle Ahrensburg-kulturen langs norskekysten være formødrene til U5 hos dagens samer. Den andre høyfrekvente samiske haplogruppen V kan være etterkommere av en noe yngre Mesolittisk ”post-Swiderian” kultur som senere ble til Komsakulturen, og som migrerte nordover via vest Russland, Karelen og Finland. Disse teoriene er interessante som utgangspunkt for å forstå samenes vestlige opprinnelse. I fremtidige innlegg i denne bloggen skal jeg også skrive om de historisk mye senere migrasjoner fra øst til noen av de samiske områdene.


Photo is a porstcard from the beginning of 1900eds, Swedish Lappland.

TABLE OF FEMALE HAPLOGROUPS IN THE SAAMI - Tabell med kvinnelige samiske haplogrupper

Table that shows frequencies of eight population genetic haplogroups in different Saami samples. Click on the sample names or numbers in the table to read the research source reports and on the haplogroup names to see migration maps from The Genographic Project Atlas.

Tabellen viser frekvensene til åtte ulike populasjonsgenetiske haplogrupper i ulike samiske befolkninger. Klikk på utvalgsnavnet (Sample) eller numrene i tabellen for å lese forskningsrapportene som er brukt som kilder og på navnet til haplogruppene for å se migrasjonskart fra "The Genographic Project Atlas".

Sample	U5a	U5b	U5b1	V	Z	H	D5	W
Total Saami	-	-	56.9	31.5	-	3.6	4.7	-
Kautokeino Norway	-	-	76.0	22.6	-	-	-	-
Karasjok Norway	-	-	51.3	39.7	-	3.9	3.2	-
North Norway Coast	-	-	39.1	26.1	-	17.4	8.7	-
Finland	-	-	50.0	9.1	-	-	27.3	-
Norwegian	-	56.8	56.8	33.1	0.0	4.7	27.3	1.4
Finland	-	40.6	40.6	37.7	7.2	2.9	8.7	0.0
North Swedish	-	35.5	35.5	58.6	0.7	2.6	0.0	2.0
South Swedish	-	18.8	15.9	18.1	4.3	34.8	0.0	1.4
South Swedish Trad.	-	23.9	23.9	37.0	10.9	15.2	0.0	2.2
South Swedish non-trad.	-	16.3	12.0	8.7	1.1	44.6	0.0	1.1
Saami Total	-	-	37.4	46.1	-	-	-	-
Enare Finland	-	-	31.8	9.1	-	-	-	-
Skolt Finland	-	-	36.2	59.6	-	-	-	-
Norrbotten Sweden	-	-	32.0	60.0	-	-	-	-
Karasjok Norway	-	-	52.0	38.1	-	-	-	-
Skolt Saami	-	-	-	52.0	-	-	-	-
Enare Finland	-	-	-	7.1	-	-	-	-
Total Saami	-	-	47.6	41.6	1.3	2.5	3.1	-
Swedish Saami	0.0	26.5	-	68.4	1.0	3.1	0.0	1.0
Finnish Saami	2.9	40.6	-	37.7	7.2	2.9	8.7	0.0
Norway Saami	0.7	56.8	-	33.1	0.0	4.7	2.9	1.4

Photo is a postcard by T. Danilöf, Kiruna. Nomad school near Vaisaluokta in the 1930ies. Click on the photo for a much higher resolution

Photo: Bergström, "Nomadskola in Norrbotten" © Västerbottensmuseum
Människor i norr– People of the North, Bild Museet Umeå Universitetet


The population-genetic Saami U5 founder motif [16144, 16189, 16270] is observed in low percentages outside the Nordic areas and the Kola Peninsula, such as in Karelia 6%, Northern Russia 3%, Lithuania 2.2% and very low frequent in a few other places (Tambets et al. 2004). Another study observed the Saami motif in 0.5% in Poland and 1.5% Russians (Malyarchuk et al. 2002).
Haplogroup V defined by [16153, 16298] is a line observed in the Saami and this line is observed in less than 1% of Polish people, 1% Russians and 2.6% from Finland. Defined solely by 16298 mtDNA V is observed in 21% of the Polish and 11% of Russians (Malyarchuk et al. 2002).
Low frequent observations of the Saami haplotypes outside the Nordic areas can be explained as more recent migrations from the Saami to these areas. With a long-lasting presence in Europe and in the course of thousands of years the Saami genes have spread somewhat, but not much. You can read more in the following article: Richards et al. 2000

Det samiske populasjonsgenetiske grunnmotivet [16144, 16189, 16270] er observert i lave frekvenser utenfor de nordiske områdene og Kolahalvøya, for eksempel 6% i Karelen, 3% i Nord- Russland, 2.2% i Litauen og i svært lave frekvenser noen få andre steder (Tambets et al. 2004). Et annet studie observerte det samiske motivet hos 0.5% i Polen og 1.5% i Russland (Malyarchuk et al. 2002).
Haplogruppe V definert av [16153, 16298] er en av linjene observert hos samene og denne er observert i mindre enn 1% i Polen, 1% i Russland og 2.5% i den generelle finske befolkningen. Definert kun av 16298 er mtDNA V observert hos 21% i Polen og 11% i Russland (Malyarchuk et al. 2002).
Lavfrekvente observasjoner av de samiske haplotypene utenfor Norden kan forklares som nyere migrasjon fra samene til disse områdene. Med en langvarig tilstedeværelse i Europa og i løpet av tusenvis av år har de samiske genene spredt seg noe, men ikke mye. Du kan lese mer om dette blant annet i følgende artikkel: Richards et al. 2000

As shown in the table there are a few lower frequent haplogroups in the Saami that seems to have come with migrations within historical time such as mtDNA haplogroup Z, W, D5, and H. Haplogroup H is chosen as the Cambridge Reference Sequence for comparison, the abbreviation is CRS. I will return to these haplogroups and migrations in later postings.

Som du kan se i tabellen er der flere lavfrekvente haplogrupper som ser ut til å ha migrert til samene innenfor historisk tid, slik som mtDNA haplogruppe Z, W, D5 og H. Happlogruppe H er valgt som en referansesekvens og kalles ”Cambridge Reference Sequence” for sammenlikning, og er forkortet som CRS. Jeg vil komme tilbake til disse haplogruppene og migrasjonene i senere innlegg.

Photo a postcard of children in Kautokeino Norway: Website of Alan Borvo and Angelina Vinciguerra


REFERENCES / REFERANSER:
1) ”The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami—the Story of Genetic “Outliers” Told by Mitochondrial DNA and Y Chromosomes” by Kristiina Tambets et al. (2004)

2) ”Saami Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Deep Maternal Lineage Clusters” by Delghandi et al. (1998

3) “Mitochondrial DNA variability in Poles and Russians” by B. A. Malyarchuk et al. (2002)

4) The Role of Selection in the Evolution of Human Mitochondrial Genomes” by Toomas Kivisild et al. (2006)

5) “Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region” by Bermisheva et al. (2002)

6) On the phylogeographic context of sex-specific genetic markers of Finno-Ugric populations” by Rootsi et al.(2000)

7) ”Archaeogenetics of Finno-Ugric speaking populations” by Villems et al. (2002)

8) ”Reconstruction of Maternal lineages of Finno-Ugric speaking people and some remarks on their Paternal inheritance” by Villems et al. (1998)

9 “A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region of Russia” by Max Ingman and Ulf Gyllensten (2007)

10) ”Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Europe” by Antti Sajantila (1995)

11) ”A Signal, from Human mtDNA, of Postglacial Recolonization in Europe” by Torroni et al.(2001)

12) ”Genes and Languages in Europe: An Analysis of Mitochondrial Lineages” by Antti Sajantila (1995)

13) MtDNA haplogroup V web site

14) ”Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link” by Achilli et al.(2005)

15) Haplogroups of the World (page 5)


New Population Genetic research. Ny populasjons- genetisk forskning:
”The Genographic Project Public Participation Mitochondrial DNA Database” by Behar et.al. 2007

Mitochondrial DNA

"The Great DNA Hunt" by Tabitha M. Powledge and Mark Rose,1996

"Mitochondrial DNA Clarifies Human Evolution" by Max Ingman

Population Genetics: Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift (Bottleneck and Founder effects) and Natural Selection

“Founder Effects” and “Random Genetic Drift” in small populations

New Research Confirms 'Out Of Africa' Theory Of Human Evolution

Single- Origin: "Out-of-Africa" Theory

Toba catastrophe theory: Volcanic winter in the Garden of Eden

Ancient 'Volcanic Winter' Tied To Rapid Genetic Divergence In Humans

"European DNA" by Ulf Erlingsson

Benjamin Franklin was not Saami, but had mtDNA haplogroup V

“A Signal, from Human mtDNA, of Postglacial Recolonization in Europe” by Torroni et al. 2001 (mtDNA haplogroup V)

Tambets Thesis (2004)

"Européernas DNA" av Ulf Erlingsson (svensk)

Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology (free full text article)

”The Western and Eastern Roots of the Saami” by Tambets et.al. 2004

”Diversity of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups in Ethnic Populations of the Volga–Ural Region” by M. A. Bermisheva et.al. 2002

”Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions” by Nicole Maca-Meyer et.al. 2001

”Complex Signals for Population Expansions in Europe and Beyond” by Kristiina Tambets et.al. 2003

Genes and Languages in Europe: An Analysis

Mitochondrial DNA Diversity in Europe

A recent genetic link between Sami and the Volga-Ural region in Russia

About mtDNA haplogroup V

Haplogroup V

“Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool” by Martin Richards et.al. 2000

Saami and Berbers—An Unexpected Mitochondrial DNA Link

"Evidence for mtDNA admixture between the Finns and the Saami" by Meinilä et.al. (2001)

Historical genetics - Ancient DNA (Sweden)

Saami Mitochondrial DNA Reveals Deep Maternal Lineage Clusters

Population Structure in Contemporary Sweden—A
Y-Chromosomal and Mitochondrial DNA Analysis by T. Lappalainen et al. 2008.

Haplogroups of the World

Y chromosomes of Norway

Finnish and Saami Admixture in Sweden

Y-DNA Papers - 2007

Resolving the Placement of Haplogroup I-M223 in the Y Chromosome

Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades - 2007

Geographical heterogeneity of Y-chromosomal lineages in Norway

Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe

”Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe” by Miroslava Derenko et al. 2007 (Full Article)

Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe (Abstract)

"Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe" by Rootsi et.al. 2004

YDNA J2e (M102) :14% among the Saami in Kola, Russia

”Y-Chromosomal SNPs in Finno-Ugric-Speaking Populations Analyzed by Minisequencing on Microarrays” by Mirja Raitio (2001)

Y-Chromosomal SNPs in Finno-Ugric-Speaking Populations

A counter-clockwise northern route of the Y-chromosome haplogroup N from Southeast Asia towards Europe

The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity

The Genographic Atlas

YDNA Haplogroup Descriptions & Information Links

Origin of Y chromosome haplogroup N in Asia

yDNA haplogroup N

Migrations haplogroup I

yDNA haplogroup I

yDNA haplogroup I1a Relatively evenly distributed in the Nordic including the present Sami populations. Extreme high (over 50%) frequency in the Skolt Sami population.

mtDNA haplogroup U

mtDNA haplogroup V

mtDNA haplogroup U5

mtDNA haplogroup Z Highest frequency in the Southern Swedish Sami. Migrated from the east.

y-DNA haplogroup N Extreme High frequencies in general Finland, but also high frequencies in Finland and Swedish Sami. Migrated from the east.

y-DNA haplogroup R Migrated from the east.

y-DNA haplogroup R1a1 Relatively evenly distributed particularly in Norway, including the present Sami populations. Migrated from the east.

Atlas of the Human Journey

Y-DNA Haplogroup I and its Subclades - 2008

Y-DNA Haplogroup J and its Subclades - 2008

Y-DNA Haplogroup N and its Subclades - 2008

Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2008